The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are considered to be distinct subcortical systems that
perform unique functional operations. The outputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum …

Background Neuroplasticity refers to the inherently dynamic biological capacity of the central
nervous system (CNS) to undergo maturation, change structurally and functionally in …

Background The dystonias include a clinically and etiologically very diverse group of
disorders. There are both degenerative and non-degenerative subtypes resulting from …

A role for the cerebellum in causing ataxia, a disorder characterized by uncoordinated
movement, is widely accepted. Recent work has suggested that alterations in activity …

Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor
manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and …

The cerebellum has a well-established role in maintaining motor coordination and studies of
cerebellar learning suggest that it does this by recognizing neural patterns, which it uses to …

Recent advances in structural and functional imaging have greatly improved our ability to
assess normal functions of the basal ganglia, diagnose parkinsonian syndromes …

This review will consider the knowledge that neuroimaging studies have provided to the
understanding of the anatomy of dystonia. Major advances have occurred in the use of …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective for both hypo-and hyperkinetic movement
disorders of basal ganglia origin. The clinical use of DBS is, in part, empiric, based on the …

Dystonia is a movement disorder of both genetic and non-genetic causes, which typically
results in twisted posturing due to abnormal muscle contraction. Evidence from dystonia …