As early as the 19th century, OIH was observed in patients receiving morphine for pain. It
was recognized that a potent analgesic such as morphine could actually result in an …

Opioids are the cornerstone therapy for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Although
common concerns regarding the use of opioids include the potential for detrimental side …

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is most broadly defined as a state of nociceptive
sensitization caused by exposure to opioids. The state is characterized by a paradoxical …

Methadone is widely used for the treatment of opioid dependence. Although in most
countries the drug is administered as a racemic mixture of (R)-and (S)-methadone,(R) …

Since 1975, Robert Julien's A Primer of Drug Action has been the definitive guide to the
effects of psychoactive drugs on the brain and on behavior. Now fully updated, this popular …

Opium, the dried juice of the seedpod of the opium poppy, has been used for the relief of
pain and suffering for several thousand years. Many opioid drugs are still derived from …

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from thebaine, a naturally occurring
alkaloid of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. The pharmacology of buprenorphine is …

Opioid substitution treatment for dependence may alter sensitivity to pain. Previous studies
on pain sensitivity in methadone maintenance patients have yielded contradictory results …

While opioid dependence has more treatment agents available than other abused drugs,
none are curative. They can, however, markedly diminish withdrawal symptoms and craving …

Background and Objective Recent in vitro studies have suggested an important role of
cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 and CYP2C19 in methadone metabolism. We aimed to …