Metformin has been extensively used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and it may also
promote healthy aging. Despite its widespread use and versatility, metformin's mechanisms …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vitally important site for the adsorption of nutrients as well
as the education of immune cells. Homeostasis of the gut is maintained by the interplay of …

Metformin, a biguanide drug, is the most commonly used first-line medication for type 2
diabetes mellites due to its outstanding glucose-lowering ability. After oral administration of …

The human gut microbiota is a complex, dynamic, and highly diverse community of
microorganisms. Beginning as early as in utero fetal development and continuing through …

Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a debilitating nosocomial disease.
Postmenopausal women may have an increased risk of CDI, suggesting estrogen influence …

Group 3 innate lymphocytes (ILC3s) are rare immune cells localized in mucosal tissues,
especially the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite their rarity, they are a major source of the …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key regulators of tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and
immunity to infections. ILCs rapidly respond to environmental cues such as cytokines …

Purpose It is well known that age is related to the incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
pneumonia (MPP), and how age and other factors contribute to MPP remains unclear. In this …

Aging remains a primary risk factor for a host of diseases, including leading causes of death.
Aging and associated diseases are inherently multifactorial, with numerous contributing …

Frequent and excessive use of antibiotics primes patients to Clostridioides difficile infection
(CDI), which leads to fatal pseudomembranous colitis, with limited treatment options. In …