Recent studies are concisely reviewed, in which X-ray beams of (sub) micrometre to
millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of …

Hidden, sub-surface paint layers and features contain valuable information for the art-
historical investigation of a painting's past and for its conservation for coming generations …

Elemental distribution maps are of great interest in the study of historical paintings, as they
allow to investigate the pigment use of the artist, to image changes made in the painting …

Often, just micrometers below a painting's surface lies a wealth of information, both with Old
Masters such as Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt van Rijn and with more recent artists of …

The use of synchrotron radiation techniques to study cultural heritage and archaeological
materials has undergone a steep increase over the past 10–15 years. The range of …

A historical self-portrait painted by Sir Arthur Streeton (1867–1943) has been studied with
fast-scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy using synchrotron radiation. One of the …

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE)
techniques have been developed mostly for the elemental analysis of homogeneous bulk or …

We review methods and recent studies in which macroscopic to (sub) microscopic X-ray
beams were used for nondestructive analysis and characterization of pigments, paint …

The preservation and understanding of cultural heritage depends increasingly on in-depth
chemical studies. Rapid technological advances are forging connections between scientists …

Nonlinear optical microscopies (NLOMs) are innovative techniques recently introduced in
the field of cultural heritage for the non-invasive in-depth analysis of artworks. In this review …