This report is an overview of the current state of the science relative to environmental
endocrine disruption in humans, laboratory testing, and wildlife species. Background …

Activating the immune system has associated fitness costs, both immediate costs in the form
of reduced current reproduction and long-term costs in the form of reduced life span and …

Stress can be seen as the body's most important and complex reaction to ensure survival
involving the neuroendocrine systems and a variety of other organs. The investigation of the …

Introduction. Viral Infections. Duck Plague. Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, and Other
Paramyxoviruses. Other Viruses. Bacterial Infections. Avian Cholera. Other Bacteria …

The poultry industry plays a significant role in boosting the economy of several countries,
particularly developing countries, and acts as a good, cheap, and affordable source of …

Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and
noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine …

One of the primary assumptions of the immunocompetence hypothesis is that testosterone is
immunosuppressive. Although many studies in birds and mammals have supported this …

The need to understand how anthropogenic landscape alteration affects fauna populations
has never been more pressing. The importance of developing an understanding of the …

The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents
such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish …

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis proposes that testosterone (T)-dependent
sexual signals are honest indicators of male health or genetic quality because only high …