The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encode information in both their primary sequence and their
higher order structure. The independent contributions of factors like codon usage and …

Ribosome-footprint profiling provides genome-wide snapshots of translation, but technical
challenges can confound its analysis. Here, we use improved methods to obtain ribosome …

Despite their name, synonymous mutations have significant consequences for cellular
processes in all taxa. As a result, an understanding of codon bias is central to fields as …

Synonymous mutations—sometimes called'silent'mutations—are now widely acknowledged
to be able to cause changes in protein expression, conformation and function. The recent …

A comprehensive understanding of RNA structure will provide fundamental insights into the
cellular function of both coding and non-coding RNAs. Although many RNA structures have …

Abstract mRNA medicine is a new and rapidly developing field in which the delivery of
genetic information in the form of mRNA is used to direct therapeutic protein production in …

The inability to predict heterologous gene expression levels precisely hinders our ability to
engineer biological systems. Using well-characterized regulatory elements offers a potential …

Codon-usage bias has been observed in almost all genomes and is thought to result from
selection for efficient and accurate translation of highly expressed genes,,. Codon usage is …