Alzheimer′ s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that causes
dementia in the elderly. Patients with AD suffer a gradual deterioration of memory and other …

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important intracellular second messenger,
mediates cellular functional responses in all vital organs. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance The genus Polygonatum (Asparagaceae)
comprises 71 species distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The …

Alzheimer′ s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. In connection with the
global trend of prolonging human life and the increasing number of elderly in the population …

The etiology of most neurodegenerative disorders is multifactorial and consists of an
interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. The role of pesticide …

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase found in all
eukaryotes. The enzyme is a key regulator of numerous signalling pathways, including …

Bruch's membrane (BM) is a unique pentalaminar structure, which is strategically located
between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the fenestrated choroidal capillaries of …

In response to oxidative stress, the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription
factor translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and transactivates expression of …

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely used in China and is regarded as the
most important therapeutic. Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), a natural plant used in traditional …

Vitamin E was proposed as treatment for Alzheimer's disease many years ago. However, the
effectiveness of the drug is not clear. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and neuroprotector and it …