The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …

Apoptosis resistance is to a large extent a major obstacle leading to chemotherapy failure
during cancer treatment. Bypassing the apoptotic pathway to induce cancer cell death is …

IL-2 was first identified as a growth factor capable of driving the expansion of activated
human T cell populations. In the more than 40 years since its discovery, a tremendous …

B cells play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of glomerulonephritides and
transplant rejection. B cells secrete antibodies that contribute to tissue injury via multiple …

Caspases are a family of endoproteases that provide critical links in cell regulatory networks
controlling inflammation and cell death. The activation of these enzymes is tightly controlled …

Immune cells are highly dynamic in terms of their growth, proliferation, and effector functions
as they respond to immunological challenges. Different immune cells can adopt distinct …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced after antigen activation that plays
pivotal roles in the immune response. Discovered as a T cell growth factor, IL-2 additionally …

Accumulating evidence shows that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by mesenchymal
stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exert their therapeutic effects in several disease models. We …

We completed clinical trials of rhIL-15 by bolus, subcutaneous, and continuous intravenous
infusions (CIV). IL-15 administered by CIV at 2 mcg/kg/day yielded a 38-fold increase in 10 …

Human aging is characterized by both physical and physiological frailty that profoundly
affects the immune system. In this context aging is associated with declines in adaptive and …