Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity,
insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant …

It is well established that regular physiological stimulation by glucose plays a crucial role in
the maintenance of the β-cell differentiated phenotype. In contrast, prolonged or repeated …

Onset of Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreatic β-cell fails to adapt to the increased
insulin demand caused by insulin resistance. Morphological and therapeutic intervention …

This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet—including its structure, cell composition,
development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key …

The phenomenon of lipid-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction (“lipotoxicity”) has been very
well documented in numerous in vitro experimental systems and has become widely …

Islets produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines in response to physiologic and
pathologic stimulation by nutrients. The cellular source of these inflammatory mediators …

The dysfunction of pancreatic β‐cell and the reduction in β‐cell mass are the decisive events
in the progression of type 2 diabetes. There is increasing evidence that cytokines play …

Various complex mechanisms and their multifactorial pathways decisively provoke low-
grade local and systemic inflammation in β-cells of pancreatic islets and peripheral tissues …

The pancreatic islet is highly vascularised, with an extensive capillary network. In addition to
providing nutrients and oxygen to islet endocrine cells and transporting hormones to the …

Several relations between cytokines and pathogenesis of diabetes are reviewed. In type 1
and type 2 diabetes an increased synthesis is observed and as well as the release of pro …