Convergence is the phenomenon whereby similar phenotypes evolve independently in
different lineages. One example is resistance to toxins in animals. Toxins have evolved …

Understanding how biotic interactions shape the genomes of the interacting species is a
long-sought goal of evolutionary biology that has been hampered by the scarcity of tractable …

Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself, however, can signal damage and
thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses …

The Buthidae family of scorpions consists of arthropods with significant medical relevance,
as their venom contains a diverse range of biomolecules, including neurotoxins that …

Venomous animals including cone snails, spiders, scorpions, anemones, and snakes have
evolved a myriad of components in their venoms that target the opening and/or closing of …

Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins
isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and …

The intense pain induced by scorpion sting is a frequent clinical manifestation. To date,
there is no established protocol with significant efficacy to alleviate the pain induced by …

This review categorizes functionally validated actions of defined scorpion toxin (SCTX)
neuropeptides across ion channel subclasses, highlighting key trends in this rapidly …

In sensory neurons that transmit pain signals, whether acute or chronic, voltage-gated
sodium channels (VGSCs) are crucial for regulating excitability. Na V 1.1, Na V 1.3, Na V …

Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion stings do not induce considerable pain based on
epidemiological surveys conducted in the southwest part of Iran. Accordingly, this study was …