Opioid use kills tens of thousands of Americans each year, devastates families and entire
communities, and cripples the health care system. Exposure to opioids causes long-term …

[Avena, NM, Rada, P., Hoebel BG, 2007. Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and
neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience and …

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators mediate communication between neurons and
other cell types; knowledge of release dynamics is critical to understanding their …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

cAMP (3′, 5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger that in eukaryotic
cells induces physiological responses ranging from growth, differentiation, and gene …

The mesolimbic dopaminergic system has been implicated in mediating the motivational
effects of opioids and other drugs of abuse. The site of action of opioids within this system …

Epidemiological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies suggest that insomnia, chronic
pain, and depression frequently co-occur and are mutually interacting conditions. However …

The μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors are the three main types of opioid receptors round in the
central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. These receptors and the peptides with which …

Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons are thought to serve as a final common neural pathway
for mediating reinforcement processes. However, several recent findings have challenged …

Cocaine regulates the transcription factor CREB (adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate
response element binding protein) in rat nucleus accumbens, a brain region that is important …