This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, is released from intestinal L-
cells in response to nutrients. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

Insulin release from pancreatic β-cells is required to maintain normal glucose homoeostasis
in man and many other animals. Defective insulin secretion underlies all forms of diabetes …

Regulated exocytosis is the main mechanism utilized by specialized secretory cells to
deliver molecules to the cell surface by virtue of membranous containers (ie, secretory …

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells
in a glucose dependent manner. Several pathways mediate this action by rapid, kinase …

Significance: Type 2 diabetes development involves multiple changes in β-cells, related to
the oxidative stress and impaired redox signaling, beginning frequently by sustained …

An increasing array of anti-diabetic drugs are available today, yet Type-2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM)–remains a life threatening disease, causing high mortality and morbidity in …

Insulin secretagogues including sulfonylureas, glinides and incretin‐related drugs such as
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists are …

Abstract cAMP is a universal second messenger. Its signalling is mediated by protein kinase
A, Epac and certain types of ion channels in mammalians. cAMP signalling is involved in …