Cell type-specific gene expression patterns and dynamics during development or in disease
are controlled by cis-regulatory elements (CREs), such as promoters and enhancers …

Genomic DNA is folded into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs), which
serve important structural and regulatory roles. It has been proposed that these genomic …

The human and mouse genomes contain instructions that specify RNAs and proteins and
govern the timing, magnitude, and cellular context of their production. To better delineate …

Thousands of genomic regions have been associated with heritable human diseases, but
attempts to elucidate biological mechanisms are impeded by an inability to discern which …

Enhancers are genomic sequences that play a key role in regulating tissue-specific gene
expression levels. An increasing number of diseases are linked to impaired enhancer …

Most signals in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits point to
noncoding genetic variants with putative gene regulatory effects. However, currently …

The genome exists as an organized, three-dimensional (3D) dynamic architecture, and each
cell type has a unique 3D genome organization that determines its cell identity. An …

Abstract The Encylopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project launched in 2003 with the
long-term goal of developing a comprehensive map of functional elements in the human …

The chromatin fiber folds into loops, but the mechanisms controlling loop extrusion are still
poorly understood. Using super-resolution microscopy, we visualize that loops in intact …

The three-dimensional genomic structure plays a critical role in gene expression, cellular
differentiation, and pathological conditions. It is pivotal to elucidate fine-scale chromatin …