Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Adoptive T‐cell transfer (ACT) therapies, including of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)
and T cells gene‐modified to express either a T cell receptor (TCR) or a chimeric antigen …

Kupffer cells, the liver tissue resident macrophages, are critical in the detection and
clearance of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their detection …

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a potential non-invasive therapeutic to overcome the
limitation of depth and to enhance immunotherapy by converting “cold” to “hot” tumors …

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a promising candidate for inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) treatment, while overcoming the limitations of naive seeding cells function and …

Stem cells offer new therapeutic avenues for the repair and replacement of damaged tissues
and organs owing to their self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capabilities. In this …

CD8+ T cell exhaustion is a stable dysfunctional state driven by chronic antigen stimulation
in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Differentiation of exhausted CD8+ T cells (CD8+ …

Anti-PD-1 antibody therapy has achieved success in tumor treatment; however, the duration
of its clinical benefits are typically short. The functional state of intratumoral CD8+ T cells …

Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses that can modulate the antitumor activity
of immune cells. Cytokines have been explored as a promising cancer immunotherapy …

The efficacy of HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) immunotherapy is hindered by the limited
reactivity and short duration of tumor-infiltrating T cells. These deficiencies may be ascribed …