In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited a major step change in its …

SARS-CoV-2 variants acquire mutations in the spike protein that promote immune evasion
and affect other properties that contribute to viral fitness, such as ACE2 receptor binding and …

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The …

Pathology studies of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants of concern (VOC) are challenged by the
lack of pathogenic animal models. While Omicron BA. 1 and BA. 2 replicate in K18-hACE2 …

SARS-CoV-2 has adapted in a stepwise manner, with multiple beneficial mutations
accumulating in a rapid succession at origins of VOCs, and the reasons for this are unclear …

SARS-CoV-2 variants are mainly defined by mutations in their spike. It is therefore critical to
understand how the evolutionary trajectories of spike affect virus phenotypes. So far, it has …

The changing landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is linked to the emergence of
variants, immune-escape and reduced efficacy of the existing repertoire of anti-viral …

Beginning in 2022, following widespread infection and vaccination among the global
population, the SARS-CoV-2 virus mainly evolved to evade immunity derived from vaccines …

New variants of SARS-CoV-2 are continually emerging with mutations in spike associated
with increased transmissibility and immune escape. Phenotypic maps can inform the …

In December 2023, we observed a notable shift in the COVID-19 landscape, when JN. 1
omicron emerged as the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant with a 95% incidence. We …