Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-
coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed …

Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

The mammalian brain consists of millions to billions of cells that are organized into many cell
types with specific spatial distribution patterns and structural and functional properties …

The human brain directs complex behaviors, ranging from fine motor skills to abstract
intelligence, but the diversity of cell types that support these skills has not been fully …

The nature of fluid dynamics within the brain parenchyma is a focus of intensive research. Of
particular relevance is its participation in diseases associated with protein accumulation and …

The ability to recognize information that is incongruous with previous experience is critical
for survival. Novelty signals have therefore evolved in the mammalian brain to enhance …

Since our review of central 5-HT receptors and their function twenty years ago, no new 5-HT
receptor has been discovered and there is little evidence that this situation will change in the …

Colocalization of small-molecule and neuropeptide transmitters is common throughout the
nervous system of all animals. The resulting co-transmission, which provides conjoint …

Fast-acting neurotransmitters and slow, modulatory neuropeptides are co-released from
neurons in the central nervous system, albeit from distinct synaptic vesicles. The …

Acetylcholine plays an essential role in fundamental aspects of cognition. Studies that have
mapped the activity and functional connectivity of cholinergic neurons have shown that the …