Abstract The proposed Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor investigated spectral features
applying finite element numerical (FEM) analysis method. The wave optics module applied …

Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their
unique spectral behavior and potential applications in various fields. This research paper …

Tunnel fires are not common but they can cause a great damage to lives and properties if
happen. Detecting the presence of a fire inside the lengthy and curved tunnel is a tedious …