We investigate the effects of attending a more advanced track in middle school on long‐term
education and labour market outcomes for Germany, a country with a rigorous early‐age …

We estimate the effects of relative age in kindergarten using data from an experiment where
children of the same age were randomly assigned to different kindergarten classmates. We …

Previous research has found that children who are born later in the academic year have
lower educational attainment, on average, than children who are born earlier in the year …

We analyze how exposure to teacher collective bargaining affects long-run outcomes for
students, exploiting the timing of state duty-to-bargain law passage in a cross-cohort …

Many US states have a single cutoff date for school entry, meaning that some children are
older than others when they begin kindergarten. We show that this variation in birth months …

Studies of the effects of school entry age on short-run and long-run outcomes generally fail
to capture the parameter of policy interest and/or are inconsistent because the instrument …

We use exogenous variation in the skills that children have at the beginning of kindergarten
to measure the extent to which “skills beget skills” in this context. Children who are relatively …

We examine the consequences of compressing secondary schooling for university
enrollment. An unusual education reform in Germany reduced the length of academic high …

Grade retention has been the focus of the education debate in Spain for decades. On
average, more than 30% of students have repeated at least one grade before they finish (or …

We investigate whether the confidence of management teams, defined as the certainty about
handling what one desires to do, affects the capacity of firms to raise external capital …