It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment.
Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurs frequently after long-term chemotherapy, resulting in
refractory cancer and tumor recurrence. Therefore, combatting MDR is an important issue …

Deregulation of the cyclin D‐CDK4/6‐INK4‐RB pathway leading to uncontrolled cell
proliferation, is frequently observed in breast cancer. Currently, three selective CDK4/6 …

The eukaryotic endomembrane system is a complex series of interconnected membranous
organelles that play important roles in responding to stress and maintaining cell …

Autophagy is fundamental to the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis in virtually all
human cells. Accordingly, defective autophagy predisposes healthy cells to undergoing …

Deregulation of the cell cycle machinery is a hallmark of cancer. While CDK4/6 inhibitors are
FDA approved (palbociclib) for treating advanced estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
Altered epigenetics regulation including DNA hypermethylation by DNA methyltransferase 1 …

Autophagy inhibition has been widely accepted as a promising therapeutic strategy in
cancer, while the lack of effective and specific autophagy inhibitors hinders its application …

Chemoresistance remains the uppermost disincentive for cancer treatment on account of
many genetic and epigenetic alterations. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging …

Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has
been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and …