Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

In this Review we focus on the initiation of autoantibody production and autoantibody
pathogenicity, with a special emphasis on the targeted antigens. Release of intracellular …

The discovery of host‐encoded gene products that sense molecular patterns in infectious
microbes, and the demonstration of their role in triggering innate and adaptive immune …

TLRs play a major role in microbe-host interactions and innate immunity. Of the 10 functional
TLRs described in humans, TLR2 is unique in its requirement to form heterodimers with …

Numerous reports have described Toll-like receptor (TLR) functions in myeloid cells such as
dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, but relatively fewer studies have examined TLR …

Sustained signaling through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) is thought to occur only when
antigen (s) crosslink or disperse multiple BCR units, such as by multimeric antigens found …

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are among the most important causes of
severe respiratory disease worldwide. Despite the clinical need, barriers to developing …

Antibodies are essential components of the adaptive immune system and can be found in all
jawed vertebrates. They are produced by B cells, bind to their specific antigen, and protect …

Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit
from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of …

Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors of
the innate immune system is crucial for the initiation of innate and adaptive responses and …