Alpha-2 agonists, such as xylazine, clonidine, romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine, and
dexmedetomidine, are potent analgesic drugs that also induce physiologic and behavioral …

Currently, approaches to pain control in horses are a mixture of art and science. Recognition
of overt pain behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness …

Objective To review the literature with regard to the use of different intravenous agents as
supplements to inhalational anaesthesia in horses. The Part 2 of this review will focus in the …

Objective To elaborate constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for xylazine (X) and
xylazine/butorphanol (XB) which will result in constant sedation and steady xylazine plasma …

The risks associated with equine anesthesia are well known to any professional involved in
equine medical care. It has been repeatedly shown that general anesthesia in horses has …

Balanced anesthesia was first introduced in human anesthesia by incorporating local
anesthetic techniques used to provide analgesia with volatile anesthetics used at the time …

Minimally invasive surgery in the human was first identified in mid 900's. The procedure as is
more commonly practiced now was first reported in 1912. There have been many advances …

Reasons for performing study: The effects of lidocaine combined with medetomidine or
lidocaine alone on cardiovascular function during anaesthesia and their effects on recovery …

The objective of this study was to compare the cardiopulmonary effects of a xylazine or
romifidine loading-dose, followed by a constant rate infusion (CRI) of the same α2-agonist …

(1) Background: Laparoscopic surgery replaced traditional invasive techniques for the
treatment of common urogenital disorders in equids. The aim of this review is to evaluate …