Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have
been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self …

In active matter systems, individual constituents convert energy into non-conservative forces
or motion at the microscale, leading to morphological features and transport properties that …

Active matter extracts energy from its surroundings at the single particle level and transforms
it into mechanical work. Examples include cytoskeleton biopolymers and bacterial …

Various types of structures self-organised by animals exist in nature, such as bird flocks and
insect swarms, which stem from the local communications of vast numbers of limited …

Liquid crystals (LCs) are ubiquitous in display technologies. The orientational ordering in the
nematic phase of LCs gives rise to structural anisotropy, the ability to form topological …

Active materials are capable of converting free energy into directional motion, giving rise to
notable dynamical phenomena. Developing a general understanding of their structure in …

A landmark of turbulence is the emergence of universal scaling laws, such as Kolmogorov's
E (q)~ q− 5∕ 3 scaling of the kinetic energy spectrum of inertial turbulence with the …

Meso-scale turbulence is an innate phenomenon, distinct from inertial turbulence, that
spontaneously occurs at low Reynolds number in fluidized biological systems. This …

Active matter comprises individual units that convert energy into mechanical motion. In many
examples, such as bacterial systems and biofilament assays, constituent units are elongated …

Topological defects play a prominent role in the physics of two-dimensional materials. When
driven out of equilibrium in active nematics, disclinations can acquire spontaneous self …