If we accept that a critical condition for plate tectonics is the creation and maintenance of a
global network of narrow boundaries separating multiple plates, then to argue for plate …

The Earth is the only known planet where plate tectonics is active, and different studies have
concluded that plate tectonics commenced at times from the early Hadean to 700 Ma. Many …

Plate tectonics, involving a globally linked system of lateral motion of rigid surface plates, is
a characteristic feature of our planet, but estimates of how long it has been the modus …

One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for …

This hands-on introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling provides a solid grounding
in the necessary mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and …

Seismic images of Earth's interior have revealed two continent-sized anomalies with low
seismic velocities, known as the large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs), in the lowermost …

Earth is the only planet known to have continents, although how they formed and evolved is
unclear. Here using the oxygen isotope compositions of dated magmatic zircon, we show …

To understand how plate tectonics became Earth's dominant mode of convection, we need
to address three related problems.(i) What was Earth's tectonic regime before the present …

Layered intrusions are fossilized natural laboratories that historically have constrained many
fundamental principles of igneous petrology. Layered intrusions are typically stratiform …

Plate tectonics is among the most important geological processes on Earth, but its
emergence and evolution remain unclear. Here we extrapolate models of present-day plate …