Campinas, Brazil, Modolo et al8 compared 36 patients with refractory hypertension with 80
patients with resistant hypertension. Refractory hypertension was defined as uncontrolled …

Rationale: Sympathetic nervous system control of inflammation plays a central role in
hypertension. The gut receives significant sympathetic innervation, is densely populated …

Microbiota colonization begins at birth and continuously reshapes throughout the course of
our lives, resulting in tremendous interindividual heterogeneity. Given that the gut …

Background: Despite the availability of various classes of antihypertensive medications, a
large proportion of hypertensive individuals remain resistant to treatments. The reason for …

Background We aimed to estimate the prevalence of refractory hypertension (RfH) and to
determine the clinical differences between these patients and resistant hypertensives (RH) …

Abstract Purpose of Review To define resistant hypertension (RHT), review its
pathophysiology and disease burden, identify barriers to effective hypertension …

Abstract Purpose of Review Emerging evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms may be
responsible for the development of treatment-resistant hypertension (TRH). This review aims …

Background The long‐term prognosis of refractory hypertension (RfHT), defined as failure to
control blood pressure (BP) levels despite an antihypertensive treatment with≥ 5 …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain is a critical determinant of blood pressure,
but the mechanisms regulating RAS activity in the brain remain unclear. Expression of brain …

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on flow‐mediated
dilation, intima‐media thickness, pulse wave velocity, and left ventricular mass index in …