Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans.
Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system …

It is increasingly acknowledged that a sex and gender specificity affects the occurrence,
development, and consequence of a plethora of pathologies. Mitochondria are considered …

Importance Although female representation has increased in clinical trials, little is known
about how clinical trial representation compares with burden of disease or is associated with …

Microglia are embryonically seeded macrophages that contribute to brain development,
homeostasis, and pathologies. It is thus essential to decipher how microglial properties are …

Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in
physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of …

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and its prevalence is 2 times higher
in women than in men. There is, however, a lack of data on sex-specific pathophysiology of …

Neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis, are often associated with functional …

It is widely accepted that the brain and the immune system continuously interact during
normal as well as pathological functioning. Human aging is commonly accompanied by low …

Abstract Purpose of Review Substance use disorders (SUD) affect differentially women and
men. Although the prevalence has been reported higher in men, those women with addictive …

Estrogens and estrogen-like molecules can modify the biology of several cell types.
Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) belong to the so-called classical family of …