Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically,
gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible …

The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

Recent introduction of monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints to harness
antitumor immunity has revolutionized the cancer treatment landscape. The therapeutic …

Therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints has garnered significant attention in the area
of cancer immunotherapy, in which efforts have focused in particular on cytotoxic T …

Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they
determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of …

Cytokines related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide a communication network essential
for coordinating multiple cell types into an effective host defense system against pathogens …

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is one of the most important cosignaling molecules. It
belongs to the CD28 superfamily and is similar to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and …

Here we have identified a surface protein, TIGIT, containing an immunoglobulin variable
domain, a transmembrane domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif …

Since the first description in 1989 of CD4‐Fc‐fusion antagonists that inhibit human immune
deficiency virus entry into T cells, Fc‐fusion proteins have been intensely investigated for …

The B7 family consists of activating and inhibitory co-stimulatory molecules that positively
and negatively regulate immune responses. Recent studies have shown that human and …