Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its
ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals …

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons play a central role in motivation and reward processing.
Although the activity of these mesolimbic DA neurons is controlled by afferent inputs, little is …

Projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA),
containing both GABAergic and glutamatergic components, encode conditioned responses …

Sah, P., ESL Faber, M. Lopez de Armentia, and J. Power. The Amygdaloid Complex:
Anatomy and Physiology. Physiol Rev 83: 803–834, 2003; 10.1152/physrev. 00002.2003 …

Sensory experience in early life shapes the mammalian brain. An impairment in the activity-
dependent refinement of functional connections within developing visual cortex was …

The amygdala is located in the medial aspects of the temporal lobe. In spite of the fact that
the amygdala has been implicated in a variety of functions, ranging from attention to memory …

The natural incentives that shape behavior reach the central circuitry of motivation trans-
synaptically, via the five senses, whereas the laboratory rewards of intracranial stimulation …

THREE synaptic proteins, syntaxin, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin, were recently identified as
targets of clostridial neurotoxins that irreversibly inhibit synaptic vesicle fusion1–4 …

An zmpresswe amount of ewdence from many dzfferent laboratories using a vane& of
expertmental techmques m&cates that the amygdala plays a cruczal role m the acquzs# zon …