Chloroplasts are best known for their role in photosynthesis, but they also allow nitrogen and
sulphur assimilation, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide and hormone synthesis. How …

Plastid division is fundamental to the biology of plant cells. Division by binary fission entails
the coordinated assembly and constriction of four concentric rings, two internal and two …

Tubulin, the protein subunit of microtubules (MTs), is an α/β heterodimer. In this chapter, a
hypothesis on the evolution of the tubulin molecule is proposed, based in part on recent …

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The peptidoglycan (PG) layer, a core component of the bacterial cell wall, has been retained
in the Physcomitrium patens chloroplasts. The PG layer entirely encompasses the P. patens …

Extensions and protrusions of the plastid envelope had been described a number of times in
the pre-1990s literature, including a report in 1888 and a 1908 monograph on plastids (for …

Chromoplasts are colored plastids that synthesize and store massive amounts of
carotenoids. Chromoplast number and size define the sink strength for carotenoid …

FtsZ is a key cytoskeletal component of the chloroplast division machinery that arose from
the related cell division FtsZ in the cyanobacterial ancestor of chloroplasts. FtsZ is widely …

Chloroplasts must divide repeatedly to maintain their population during plant growth and
development. A number of proteins required for chloroplast division have been identified …

Filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is a tubulin-like GTPase that is highly conserved
in bacteria and plants. It polymerizes into a ring at the division site of bacteria and …