Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The covalent attachment of Ub (ubiquitin) to target proteins (ubiquitylation) represents one of
the most versatile PTMs (post-translational modifications) in eukaryotic cells. Substrate …

Resolving protein–protein interactions (PPIs) inside biomolecular condensates is crucial for
elucidating their functions and regulation mechanisms. The transient nature of condensates …

Ion channels play central roles in biology and human health by catalyzing the
transmembrane flow of electrical charge. These proteins are ideal targets for genetic code …

How pathogens manipulate host UPR ER to mediate immune evasion is largely unknown.
Here, we identify the host zinc finger protein ZPR1 as an interacting partner of the …

The genetic code is the foundation for all life. With few exceptions, the translation of nucleic
acid messages into proteins follows conserved rules, which are defined by codons that …

All known organisms encode 20 canonical amino acids by base triplets in the genetic code.
The cellular translational machinery produces proteins consisting mainly of these amino …

The chemical and physical properties of proteins are limited by the 20 canonical amino
acids. Genetic code manipulation allows for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids …