Animal and plant immune systems use intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization
domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogens, resulting in the activation of …

Highlights•A subset of NLRs form robust networks of helpers underlying the bulk of NLRs
that function as sensors.•Ancient, conserved RNL helper NLRs are required for some sensor …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs)
mediate plant immunity by directly or indirectly sensing pathogen effector proteins delivered …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor (NLR)
proteins constitute a family of intracellular immune receptors in both animals and plants that …

Highlights•NLRs may have evolved from singletons to pairs and networks.•Assembly of
immunoreceptor complexes is associated with NLR activation.•NLR (mis) regulation …

Viruses cause epidemics on all major cultures of agronomic importance, representing a
serious threat to global food security. As strict intracellular pathogens, they cannot be …

Animals and plants have NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) that
recognize the presence of pathogens and initiate innate immune responses. In plants, there …

Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security.
Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (eg application of pesticides) …

Abstract RNA C-to-U editing in organelles is essential for plant growth and development;
however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we report that …

To establish a successful infection plant viruses have to overcome a defense system
composed of several layers. This review will overview the various strategies plants employ …