The human body hosts vast microbial communities, termed the microbiome. Less well
known is the fact that the human body also hosts vast numbers of different viruses …

The human gastrointestinal tract harbours an abundance of viruses, collectively known as
the gut virome. The gut virome is highly heterogeneous across populations and is linked to …

Type III interferon (IFN-λ) was initially thought to have functions similar to those of the type I
interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β). New findings have indicated, however, that IFN-λ has a non …

Virus-virus interactions influence the epidemiology of respiratory infections. However, the
impact of viruses causing upper respiratory infections on severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Viruses are implicated in autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells, which results in
insulin deficiency and type 1 diabetes (T1D),,–. Certain enteroviruses can infect β cells in …

The interferon (IFN) response is the major early innate immune response against invading
viral pathogens and is even capable of mediating sterilizing antiviral immunity without the …

Interferons (IFNs) are among the first vertebrate immune pathways activated upon viral
infection and are crucial for control of viral replication and dissemination, especially at …

The intestinal microbiota comprises diverse fungal and viral components, in addition to
bacteria. These microbes interact with the immune system and affect human physiology …

Type III IFNs, or IFN-λ, are the newest members of the IFN family and were long believed to
play roles that were redundant with those of type I IFNs. However, IFN-λ displays unique …

Objectives Recent studies have shown that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) improved
the metabolic profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet the effectiveness …