Endogenous programs that regulate annual cycles have been shown for many taxa,
including protists, arthropods, fish, mammals and birds. In migration biology, these programs …

Why and how new migration routes emerge remain fundamental questions in ecology,
particularly in the context of current global changes. In its early stages, when few individuals …

Background Songbirds following distinct migration strategies (eg long-vs. short-to medium-
distance migrants) often differ in their speed of migration during autumn and, thus, are …

Technology has revolutionized our ability to track animals across the globe, significantly
advancing our understanding of animal movement [1, 2]. Technological and logistical …

Background Each spring and fall billions of songbirds depart on nocturnal migrations across
the globe. Theory suggests that songbirds should depart on migration shortly after sunset to …

Background To understand the ecology of long-distance migrant bird species, it is necessary
to study their full annual cycle, including migratory routes and stopovers. This is especially …

In many animals, catabolic and anabolic periods are temporally separated. Migratory birds
alternate energy expenditure during flight with energy accumulation during stopover. The …

Migrating birds flexibly adjust their individual migratory decisions, ie departing, routing and
landing, based on intrinsic (eg energy stores) and extrinsic (eg landscape features and …

On their migratory journeys, terrestrial birds can come across large inhospitable areas with
limited opportunities to rest and refuel. Flight over these areas poses a risk especially when …

Naïve migrants reach their wintering grounds following a clock-and-compass strategy.
During these inaugural migrations, birds internalise, among others, cues from the Earth's …