All living things depend on their natural environment, either directly or indirectly, for their
high quality of life, growth, nutrition, and development. Due to the fast emissions of …

Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change.
Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of …

Abstract The January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption injected a
relatively small amount of sulfur dioxide, but significantly more water into the stratosphere …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Ozone forms in the Earth's atmosphere from the photodissociation of molecular oxygen,
primarily in the tropical stratosphere. It is then transported to the extratropics by the Brewer …

This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects of changes in stratospheric
ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, and climate) on the …

Gases for electrical insulation are essential for the operation of electric power equipment.
This Review gives a brief history of gaseous insulation that involved the emergence of the …

Phytoplankton are the base of the Antarctic food web, sustain the wealth and diversity of life
for which Antarctica is renowned, and play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that …