Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, in which tumor tissues from patients are implanted
into immunocompromised or humanized mice, have shown superiority in recapitulating the …

Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have emerged as an important platform to elucidate new
treatments and biomarkers in oncology. PDX models are used to address clinically relevant …

The RAF family kinases function in the RAS–ERK pathway to transmit signals from activated
RAS to the downstream kinases MEK and ERK. This pathway regulates cell proliferation …

Intratumor heterogeneity is a key factor contributing to therapeutic failure and, hence, cancer
lethality. Heterogeneous tumors show partial therapy responses, allowing for the emergence …

Solid malignancies have been speculated to depend on cancer stem cells (CSCs) for
expansion and relapse after therapy. Here we report on quantitative analyses of lineage …

Observations from cultured cells,,, animal models and patients,, raise the possibility that the
dependency of tumours on the therapeutic drugs to which they have acquired resistance …

Melanomas can switch to a dedifferentiated cell state upon exposure to cytotoxic T cells.
However, it is unclear whether such tumor cells pre-exist in patients and whether they can …

Oncogene-induced senescence, eg, in melanocytic nevi, terminates the expansion of pre-
malignant cells via transcriptional silencing of proliferation-related genes due to decoration …

Acral lentiginous melanoma is a histological subtype of cutaneous melanoma that occurs in
the glabrous skin of the palms, soles and the nail unit. Although in some countries …

Background Mouse xenografts from (patient-derived) tumors (PDX) or tumor cell lines are
widely used as models to study various biological and preclinical aspects of cancer …