The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) worldwide has rapidly increased over the
past few decades. Thus, in addition to the classical risk factors for ADs, such as genetic …

Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

As tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia constitute the pivotal
immune cells of this organ. Microglial features are strongly dependent on environmental …

The role of the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of gut-brain axis signalling has risen to
prominence in recent years. Understanding the relationship between the gut microbiota, the …

Changes in gut microbiota have been associated with several diseases. Here, the
International Multiple Sclerosis Microbiome Study (iMSMS) studied the gut microbiome of …

During the past decade, accumulating evidence from the research highlights the suggested
effects of bacterial communities of the human gut microbiota and their metabolites on health …

Aims Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is a major cause of mortality and
morbidity worldwide, and increased low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) play a critical role in …

Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at
multiple levels during the development, activation and effector phases of T and B cells …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation
of dietary fibre in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of SCFAs is mediated by substrate …

The gut and the liver are characterized by mutual interactions between both organs, the
microbiome, diet and other environmental factors. The sum of these interactions is …