Parkinson's disease is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 3% of
those older than 75 years of age. Clinically, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with …

Background For several decades, intermediate metabolism and signal transduction have
been considered two independent entities. On one side stood the catabolic and anabolic …

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood but likely to involve both
genetic and environmental factors. Incidence and prevalence estimates vary to a large …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the
progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is …

Mitophagy, the selective engulfment and clearance of mitochondria, is essential for the
homeostasis of a healthy network of functioning mitochondria and prevents excessive …

To date, molecular genetic analyses have identified over 500 distinct DNA variants in five
disease genes associated with familial Parkinson disease; α‐synuclein (SNCA), parkin …

Loss-of-function mutations in parkin are the predominant cause of familial Parkinson's
disease. We previously reported that parkin-/-mice exhibit nigrostriatal deficits in the …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) are the
two most important mechanisms that normally repair or remove abnormal proteins …

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. In most
instances, PD is thought to result from a complex interaction between multiple genetic and …

Mitochondrial impairment is a well-established pathological pathway implicated in
Parkinson's disease (PD). Defects of the complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain …