Across taxa, both neural growth and cognitive function show considerable developmental
plasticity. Data from studies of decision making, learning, and discrimination demonstrate …

Maintaining energy balance and reproducing are important for fitness, yet animals have
evolved mechanisms by which the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/HPI) axis …

Though widely studied for its function in memory and navigation, the hippocampal formation
(HF) in mammals also plays an important role in regulating the stress response. If this is an …

Although there is general agreement that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is
critical for triggering the neuroendocrine response to visual threats, there is uncertainty …

Some hummingbirds produce unique high-frequency vocalizations. It remains unknown
whether these hummingbirds can hear these sounds, which are produced at frequencies …

The mammalian hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to chronic stress. Adult
neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is suppressed by chronic stress and by administration of …

Cultural and genetic inheritance combine to enable rapid changes in trait expression, but
their relative importance in determining trait expression across generations is not clear …

Although the hippocampus is one of the most-studied brain regions in mammals, research
on the avian hippocampus has been more limited in scope. It is generally agreed that the …

In songbirds, developmental stress affects song learning and production. Altered
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function resulting in elevated corticosterone …

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the major output systems of the
vertebrate stress response. It controls the release of cortisol or corticosterone from the …