Over the past 20 years, clinical and preclinical studies point to the anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC) as a site of interest for several neurological and psychiatric conditions. The ACC …

The protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family
of growth factors involved in plasticity of neurons in several brain regions. There are …

Background Patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) often grieve
over a low quality of life brought about by chronic pain. In our previous studies, we …

Chronic pain patients frequently develop and suffer from mental comorbidities such as
depressive mood, impaired cognition, and other significant constraints of daily life, which …

Extracellular nucleotides have been recognized as important mediators of activation,
triggering multiple responses via plasma membrane receptors known as P2 receptors. P2 …

Pain is a complex experience including sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective
components. Base on the intensity and chronification of pain, pain is divided into …

There is increasing evidence that brain− gut interactions are altered during development of
inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Understanding the relationship between the …

Cumulative animal and human studies have consistently demonstrated that two major
cortical regions in the brain, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex …

Abstract Treatment of pain has always been a major goal in the clinic, as it is related to
several pathological conditions of inflammatory origin and surgical procedures, which are …

Peripheral nerve injury–induced mechanical allodynia is often accompanied by
abnormalities in the higher cortical regions, yet the mechanisms underlying such …