Type 4 filaments (T4F) are a superfamily of filamentous nanomachines–virtually ubiquitous
in prokaryotes and functionally versatile–of which type 4 pili (T4P) are the defining member …

Escherichia coli are present in the human and animal microbiome as facultative anaerobes
and are viewed as an integral part of the whole gastrointestinal environment. In certain …

Abstract Type IV pili (T4P) are prevalent, polymeric surface structures in pathogenic bacteria,
making them ideal targets for effective vaccines. However, bacteria have evolved efficient …

Type IVa pili (T4aP) are ubiquitous cell surface filaments important for surface motility,
adhesion to surfaces, DNA uptake, biofilm formation, and virulence. T4aP are built from …

Thiovulum spp.(Campylobacterota) are large sulfur bacteria that form veil-like structures in
aquatic environments. The sulfidic Movile Cave (Romania), sealed from the atmosphere for …

Summary Type IV pili (T4P) are ubiquitous bacterial cell surface filaments important for
surface motility, adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces, DNA uptake, biofilm formation, and …

Virulence is an organism's ability to infect the host and cause disease, and this ability is
determined by the presence of virulence factors. The “do not kill, neutralize” strategy used by …

Within the highly diverse type four filament (TFF or T4F) superfamily, the machineries of type
IVa pili (T4aP) and the type 2 secretion system (T2SS) in diderm bacteria exhibit a …

Bacterial secretion systems are built up from proteins with different physicochemical
characteristics, such as highly hydrophobic transmembrane polypeptides, and soluble …

The rise in antibiotic resistance coupled with a dearth of new antibiotics poses a significant
threat to global health. Gram-negative bacterial pathogens are inherently resistant to large …