Dyspnea is defined as a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of
qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. It is a common symptom among …

Since the discovery of the pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) as a crucial region for
generating the main respiratory rhythm, our understanding of its cellular and molecular …

The reflexive excitation of the sympathetic nervous system in response to psychological
stress leads to elevated blood pressure, a condition that persists even after the stress has …

Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells, have several metabolic functions, including ionic,
neurotransmitter and energetic homeostasis for neuronal activity. Reactive astrocytes and …

Abstract Suvorexant (Belsomra (R)), a dual orexin receptor antagonist widely used in the
treatment of insomnia, inhibits the arousal system in the brain. However, the drug's …

Severe hypoxia induces seizures, which reduces ventilation and worsens the ictal state. It is
a health threat to patients, particularly those with underlying hypoxic respiratory pathologies …

Acute hypoxia increases ventilation. After cessation of hypoxia loading, ventilation
decreases but remains above the pre-exposure baseline level for a time. However, the …

Autonomic respiratory rhythm is generated in the neuronal networks in the lower brainstem,
and the generated neural respiratory output is transmitted to respiratory muscles via cranial …

In hypoxic conditions, the mammalian body composes cardiorespiratory responses aimed to
increase oxygen supply to vital organs. Although the carotid bodies are the primary oxygen …

Microglia modulate cardiorespiratory activities during chronic hypoxia. It has not been
clarified whether microglia are involved in the cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxia …