This review describes the progress that has been achieved since adaptive optics (AO) was
incorporated into the ophthalmoscope a quarter of a century ago, transforming our ability to …

With the identification of novel targets, the number of interventional clinical trials in
ophthalmology has increased. Visual acuity has for a long time been considered the gold …

Photoreceptors initiate vision by converting photons to electrical activity. The onset of the
phototransduction cascade is marked by the isomerization of photopigments upon light …

The past few years have witnessed rapid development of the optoretinogram—a
noninvasive, optical measurement of neural function in the retina, and especially the …

Optoretinography–the non-invasive, optical imaging of light-induced functional activity in the
retina–stands to provide a critical biomarker for testing the safety and efficacy of new …

Photoreceptors mediate the first step of vision, transducing light and passing signals to
retinal neurons that ultimately send signals along the optic nerve to the brain. A functional …

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows noninvasive visualization of individual retinal
layers and has become a mainstay in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of …

Human cone outer segment (COS) length changes in response to stimuli bleaching up to
99% of L-and M-cone opsins were measured with high resolution, phase-resolved optical …

For many years electroretinography (ERG) has been used for obtaining information about
the retinal physiological function. More recently, a new technique called optoretinography …

Line-scan OCT incorporated with adaptive optics (AO) offers high resolution, speed, and
sensitivity for imaging retinal structure and function in vivo. Here, we introduce its …