At each of the brain's vast number of synapses, the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic cleft,
and postsynaptic specialization form a transcellular unit to enable efficient transmission of …

Vesicle exocytosis releases content to mediate many biological events, including synaptic
transmission essential for brain functions. Following exocytosis, endocytosis is initiated to …

Synaptic transistors stimulated by light waves or photons may offer advantages to the
devices, such as wide bandwidth, ultrafast signal transmission, and robustness. However …

Inspired by the photosynthesis process of natural plants, multifunctional transistors based on
natural biomaterial chlorophyll and organic semiconductors (OSCs) are reported. Functions …

Synaptic efficacy and precision are influenced by the coupling of voltage-gated Ca 2+
channels (VGCCs) to vesicles. But because the topography of VGCCs and their proximity to …

The concept of a readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles has been used
extensively for the analysis of neurotransmitter release. Traditionally the properties of …

Solid-state neuromorphic systems based on transistors or memristors have yet to achieve
the interconnectivity, performance, and energy efficiency of the brain due to excessive noise …

The distance between Ca2+ channels and release sensors determines the speed and
efficacy of synaptic transmission. Tight “nanodomain” channel-sensor coupling initiates …

An artificial synaptic device that can provide color discrimination, image storage, and image
recognition is highly required to mimic the human vision for biological robots. All-inorganic …

Summary Voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (Ca V s) represent the principal source of Ca
2+ ions that trigger evoked neurotransmitter release from presynaptic boutons. Ca 2+ influx …