Background An increasing number of studies utilize intracranial electrophysiology in human
subjects to advance basic neuroscience knowledge. However, the use of neurosurgical …

Observations using invasive neural recordings from patient populations undergoing
neurosurgical interventions have led to critical breakthroughs in our understanding of …

Dopamine (DA) signals originating from substantia nigra (SN) neurons are centrally involved
in the regulation of motor and reward processing. DA signals behaviorally relevant events …

Dopamine has been suggested to be crucially involved in effort-related choices. Key
findings are that dopamine depletion (i) changed preference for a high-cost, large-reward …

Objective The severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) depends on
environmental conditions. For example, the presence of external patterns such as a rhythmic …

Motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are thought to result from a
pathological increase in the tonic baseline firing rate of basal ganglia output neurons …

Dopaminergic neurons have been known to encode reward prediction errors increasing
their firing rate after an unexpected reward. Here, we aimed to examine whether human …