Examination is a way to select talents, and a perfect invigilation strategy can improve the
fairness of the examination. To realize the automatic detection of abnormal behavior in the …

High-frequency signal oscillators are devices needed for a variety of scientific disciplines.
One of their fundamental requirements is low phase noise in the micro-and millimeter wave …

Optical wireless networks, particularly free-space optical (FSO) in outdoor environments and
visible light communication (VLC) in indoor environments, suffer from severe deterioration in …

A dramatic increase in user and capacity demands has been noted after the COVID-19
pandemic. These challenges have damaged the 5G communication system mobility …

In this paper, the integrated free‐space optics (FSO) and fiber optic model is evaluated using
new radio (NR) sub‐THz link to sustain next generation 5G capacity. The proposed …

Enhanced bandwidth issues for 5G system are fruitfully resolved by organizing free space
optics (FSO) communication frameworks. The high bandwidth, the maximum number of …

The high-yield optical wireless network (OWN) is a promising framework to strengthen 5G
and 6G mobility. In addition, high direction and narrow bandwidth-based laser beams are …

Optical communication networks are vital in the digital era, but data transmission becomes
weak the longer the distance traveled by light. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) …

Superposed constellation for spatial multiplexing visible light communication (VLC) systems
has recently attracted significant attention as a promising method to alleviate the effect of …

The rapid growth of online services and the global transition to digital platforms, accelerated
by the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of AI-based services, have led to a surge in …