Pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive
functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) …

An enduring and richly elaborated dichotomy in cognitive neuroscience is that of reflective
versus reflexive decision making and choice. Other literatures refer to the two ends of what is …

Emotional arousal enhances perception and memory of high-priority information but impairs
processing of other information. Here, we propose that, under arousal, local glutamate levels …

Decisions take time, and as a rule more difficult decisions take more time. But this only
raises the question of what consumes the time. For decisions informed by a sequence of …

Stress is a state of the mind, involving both brain and body as well as their interactions; it
differs among individuals and reflects not only major life events but also the conflicts and …

Conduct disorder is a childhood behaviour disorder that is characterized by persistent
aggressive or antisocial behaviour that disrupts the child's environment and impairs his or …

The hippocampus and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) both have important roles in cognitive
processes such as learning, memory and decision making. Nevertheless, research on the …

As the central organ of stress and adaptation to stressors, the brain plays a pivotal role in
behavioral and physiological responses that may lead to successful adaptation or to …

The application of neuroimaging methods to product marketing—neuromarketing—has
recently gained considerable popularity. We propose that there are two main reasons for this …

Optogenetic tools have provided a new way to establish causal relationships between brain
activity and behaviour in health and disease. Although no animal model captures human …