European Neandertals employed a complex set of physiological cold defenses, homologous
to those seen in contemporary humans and nonhuman primates. While Neandertal …

Contrary to their cold-adapted image, Neanderthals inhabited Pleistocene Europe during a
time of great climatic fluctuation with temperatures ranging from as warm as present-day …

Thin on the Ground: Neandertal Biology, Archeology and Ecology synthesizes the current
knowledge about our sister species the Neandertals, combining data from a variety of …

The Cave Painters is a vivid introduction to the spectacular cave paintings of France and
Spain—the individuals who rediscovered them, theories about their origins, their splendor …

Ontogenetic studies help us understand the processes of evolutionary change. Previous
studies on Neandertals have focused mainly on dental development and inferred an …

Neanderthals have been commonly depicted as top predators who met their nutritional
needs by focusing entirely on meat. This information mostly derives from faunal assemblage …

Sexual dimorphism in the human respiratory system has been previously reported at the
skeletal (cranial and thoracic) level, but also at the pulmonary level. Regarding lungs …

Objectives The human respiratory apparatus is characterized by sexual dimorphism, the
cranial airways of males being larger (both absolutely and relatively) than those of females …

Since its discovery and initial description in the 1960s, the penetrating lesion to the left ninth
rib of the Shanidar 3 Neandertal has been a focus for discussion about interpersonal …

Systematic excavations at the site of the Sima de los Huesos (SH) in the Sierra de Atapuerca
(Burgos, Spain) have allowed us to reconstruct 27 complete long bones of the human …