Cholera, a waterborne acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains
prevalent in underdeveloped countries and is a serious health threat to those living in …

After De's pivotal demonstration in 1959 of a diarrhoeogenic exo-enterotoxin in cell-free
culture filtrates from Vibrio cholerae (of classical biotype), much insight has been gained …

Efficient vaccines potentiate antibody avidity and increase T cell longevity, which confer
protection against microbial lethal challenge. A vaccine strategy was established by using …

Lettuce and tobacco chloroplast transgenic lines expressing the cholera toxin B subunit–
human proinsulin (CTB‐Pins) fusion protein were generated. CTB‐Pins accumulated up to …

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the leading fatal
infectious diseases. The development of TB vaccines has been recognized as a major …

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) affects feedlot cattle across North America, resulting in
economic losses due to animal treatment and reduced performance. In an effort to develop a …

Legumain-based DNA vaccines have potential to protect against breast cancer. However,
the lack of a safe and efficient oral delivery system restricts its clinical application. Here, we …

The oral route is the ideal means of delivering prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines,
offering significant advantages over systemic delivery. Most notably, oral delivery is …

The earliest known route of vaccination was respiratory, by intranasal insufflation of
powdered scab material containing variola virus from smallpox patients, reportedly practiced …

Background Cholera is a cause of acute watery diarrhoea which can cause dehydration and
death if not adequately treated. It usually occurs in epidemics, and is associated with poverty …