Birds and mammals are key elements of modern ecosystems, and many biologists explain
their great success by their endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. New palaeontological …

This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers,
horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as …

The origin of the air sac system present in birds has been an enigma for decades. Skeletal
pneumaticity related to an air sac system is present in both derived non-avian dinosaurs and …

Background Medullary bone (MB) is an estrogen-dependent, sex-specific tissue produced
by female birds during lay and inferred to be present in extinct avemetatarsalians (bird-line …

This study reports the occurrence of pneumosteum (osteohistological structure related to an
avian-like air sac system) in a nanoid (5.7-m-long) saltasaurid titanosaur from Upper …

In the mid-19th century, the discovery that bone microstructure in fossils could be preserved
with fidelity provided a new avenue for understanding the evolution, function, and …

Taphonomic and diagenetic processes inevitably distort the original skeletal morphology of
fossil vertebrate remains. Key aspects of palaeobiological datasets may be directly impacted …

The lung-air sac system of modern birds is unique among vertebrates. However, debate
surrounds whether an avian-style lung is restricted to birds or first appeared in their …

Two new specimens of abelisaurid theropods from La Invernada fossil area (Bajo de la
Carpa Formation; Santonian) are described. They correspond to an incomplete skull and …

Owing to monospecific mass-accumulation sites in Central Europe, the early-branching
sauropodomorph Plateosaurus has one of the best fossil records among dinosaurs. Despite …