Keeping a delicate balance in the immune system by eliminating invading pathogens, while
still maintaining self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity, is critical for the body's health. The gut …

Preterm birth occurs in 11% of live births globally and accounts for 35% of all newborn
deaths. Preterm newborns have immature immune systems, with reduced innate and …

Objective The early intestinal microbiota exerts important stimuli for immune development,
and a reduced microbial exposure as well as caesarean section (CS) has been associated …

Summary Background Children born by Caesarean section have modified intestinal
bacterial colonization and consequently may have an increased risk of developing asthma …

The human intestine is colonized by an estimated 100 trillion bacteria. Some of these
bacteria are essential for normal physiology, whereas others have been implicated in the …

This review examines the relation between the mode of delivery and development of the
immune system in the offspring. Recent epidemiological studies provide evidence that …

Background Studies of delivery by caesarean section (c‐section) and the offspring's risk of
allergic diseases are of current interest due to concerns about the increased use of c …

Current evidence supports a role for gut colonization in promoting and maintaining a
balanced immune response in early life. An altered or less diverse gut microbiota …

Background Little is known about early-life risk factors for food allergy in children. Objectives
We examined the association between perinatal characteristics and future risk of food …

Delivery of infants who are physiologically mature and capable of successful transition to the
extrauterine environment is an important priority for obstetric practitioner. A corollary of this …