The hypothesis that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons broadcast a reward prediction error
(RPE) is among the great successes of computational neuroscience. However, recent …

Striatal acetylcholine and dopamine critically regulate movement, motivation, and reward-
related learning. Pauses in cholinergic interneuron (CIN) firing are thought to coincide with …

The prefrontal cortex is critical for decision-making across species, with its activity linked to
choosing between options. Drift diffusion models (DDMs) are commonly employed to …

Physiological needs evoke motivational drives that produce natural behaviors for survival. In
previous studies, the temporally intertwined dynamics of need and motivation have made it …

Dopamine (DA) plays a pivotal role in reward processing, cognitive functions, and emotional
regulation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a critical brain region for these processes …

In realistic sparse reward tasks, existing theoretical methods cannot be effectively applied
due to the low sampling probability ofrewarded episodes. Profound research on methods …

Cognitive flexibility plays a key role in ensuring an individual's survival, and its deficit is a
key symptom in many mental conditions and neurodegenerative diseases. The prefrontal …

Outcomes can vary even when choices are repeated. Such ambiguity necessitates adjusting
how much to learn from each outcome by tracking its variability. The medial prefrontal cortex …

Turning on cue or stopping at a red light requires the detection of such cues to select action
sequences, or suppress action, in accordance with cue-associated action rules. Cortico …

The ability to learn from experience is an essential property of cognition and complex
behaviour; as such, the question of how learning is implemented in neural circuitry is of …